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dc.contributor.authorCrawford, J.R.
dc.contributor.authorGarthwaite, P.H.
dc.contributor.authorAzzalini, A.
dc.contributor.authorHowell, D.C.
dc.contributor.authorLaws, K.R.
dc.date.accessioned2011-02-08T11:41:47Z
dc.date.available2011-02-08T11:41:47Z
dc.date.issued2006
dc.identifier.citationCrawford , J R , Garthwaite , P H , Azzalini , A , Howell , D C & Laws , K R 2006 , ' Testing for a deficit in single-case studies : Effects of departures from normality ' , Neuropsychologia , vol. 44 , no. 4 , pp. 666-677 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.001
dc.identifier.issn0028-3932
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 194640
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 1f9286d7-648a-4c61-ada4-e26c626f1c4e
dc.identifier.otherdspace: 2299/5310
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 30944435429
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0002-5065-0867/work/124446482
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2299/5310
dc.descriptionOriginal article can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com Copyright Elsevier Limited [Full text of this article is not available in the UHRA]
dc.description.abstractIn neuropsychological single-case research inferences concerning a patient's cognitive status are often based on referring the patient's test score to those obtained from a modestly sized control sample. Two methods of testing for a deficit (z and a method proposed by Crawford and Howell [Crawford, J. R. & Howell, D. C. (1998). Comparing an individual's test score against norms derived from small samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 482–486]) both assume the control distribution is normal but this assumption will often be violated in practice. Monte Carlo simulation was employed to study the effects of leptokurtosis and the combination of skew and leptokurtosis on the Type I error rates for these two methods. For Crawford and Howell's method, leptokurtosis produced only a modest inflation of the Type I error rate when the control sample N was small-to-modest in size and error rates were lower than the specified rates at larger N. In contrast, the combination of leptokurtosis and skew produced marked inflation of error rates for small Ns. With a specified error rate of 5%, actual error rates as high as 14.31% and 9.96% were observed for z and Crawford and Howell's method respectively. Potential solutions to the problem of non-normal data are evaluated.en
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofNeuropsychologia
dc.subjectneuropsychology
dc.subjectsingle-case methods
dc.subjectstatistical methods
dc.subjectnon-normality
dc.subjectrobustness
dc.subjectMonte Carlo simulation
dc.titleTesting for a deficit in single-case studies : Effects of departures from normalityen
dc.contributor.institutionDepartment of Psychology
dc.description.statusPeer reviewed
rioxxterms.versionofrecordhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.001
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Review
herts.preservation.rarelyaccessedtrue


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