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        Recreational ketamine-related deaths notified to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, England, 1997-2019

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        Author
        Corkery, John Martin
        Hung, Wang-Chu
        Claridge, Hugh
        Goodair, Christine
        Copeland, Caroline S.
        Schifano, Fabrizio
        Attention
        2299/24558
        Abstract
        Background: Ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative with dissociative anaesthetic properties. Increasing numbers of individuals in England take ketamine recreationally. Information on deaths arising from such use in England is presented. Methods: Cases were extracted on 31 January 2020 from the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database, based on text searches of the cause of death, coroner’s verdict and positive toxicology results for the terms ‘ketamine’ or ‘norketamine’. Findings: During 1997–2005, there were <5 deaths p.a. in which ketamine was implicated. Numbers increased until 2009 (21), plateauing until 2016; thereafter, deaths have risen to about 30 p.a. Decedents’ characteristics (N = 283): male 84.1%, mean age 31.2 (SD 10.0) years, employed 56.5%, drug use history 79.6% and living with others 60.3%. Ketamine was detected with other substances in most cases. Main (74.6%) underlying cause of death was accidental poisoning. Ketamine may have impaired judgement in other cases. Conclusions: Although controlled, recreational ketamine use and related fatalities continue to increase. Consumers need to be more aware of the potentially fatal risks they face.
        Publication date
        2021-11-01
        Published in
        Journal of Psychopharmacology
        Published version
        https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211021588
        License
        http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
        Other links
        http://hdl.handle.net/2299/24558
        Relations
        School of Life and Medical Sciences
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