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        The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale : a meta confirmatory factor analysis

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        HADSmeta_anal.pdf (PDF, 1Mb)
        Author
        Norton, Sam
        Cosco, Theodore
        Doyle, Frank
        Done, D.J.
        Sacker, Amanda
        Attention
        2299/10053
        Abstract
        Objective: To systematically evaluate the latent structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) through reanalysis of previous studies and meta confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Method: Data from 28 samples were obtained from published studies concerning the latent structure of the HADS. Ten models were considered, including eight previously identified models and two bifactor models. The fit of each model was assessed separately in each sample and by meta CFA. Meta CFA was conducted using all samples and using subgroups consisting of community samples, cardiovascular disease samples and samples from studies administering the English language version of the HADS. Results: A bifactor model including all items loading onto a general distress factor and two orthogonal anxiety and depression group factors provided the best fit for the majority of samples. Meta CFA provided further support for the bifactor model with two group factors. This was the case using all samples, as well as all subgroup analyses. The general distress factor explained 73% of the covariance between items, with the (autonomic) anxiety and (anhedonic) depression factors explaining 11% and 16%, respectively. Conclusion: A bifactor structure provides the most acceptable empirical explanation for the HADS correlation structure. Due to the presence of a strong general factor, the HADS does not provide good separation between symptoms of anxiety and depression. We recommend it is best used as a measure of general distress.
        Publication date
        2013-01
        Published in
        Journal of Psychosomatic Research
        Published version
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.10.010
        Other links
        http://hdl.handle.net/2299/10053
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