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        Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets : The transition from gaseous to rocky planets

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        Author
        Marcy, Geoffrey W.
        Isaacson, Howard
        Howard, Andrew W.
        Rowe, Jason F.
        Jenkins, Jon M.
        Bryson, Stephen T.
        Latham, David W.
        Howell, Steve B.
        Gautier, Thomas N.
        Batalha, Natalie M.
        Rogers, Leslie
        Ciardi, David
        Fischer, Debra A.
        Gilliland, Ronald L.
        Kjeldsen, H.
        Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.
        Huber, Daniel
        Chaplin, William J.
        Basu, S.
        Buchhave, Lars A.
        Quinn, Samuel N.
        Borucki, William J.
        Koch, David G.
        Hunter, Roger
        Caldwell, Douglas A.
        Van Cleve, Jeffrey
        Kolbl, Rea
        Weiss, Lauren M.
        Petigura, Erik
        Seager, Sara
        Morton, Timothy
        Johnson, John Asher
        Ballard, Sarah
        Burke, Chris
        Cochran, William D.
        Endl, Michael
        MacQueen, Phillip
        Everett, Mark E.
        Lissauer, Jack J.
        Ford, Eric B.
        Torres, Guillermo
        Fressin, Francois
        Brown, Timothy M.
        Steffen, Jason H.
        Charbonneau, David
        Basri, G.
        Sasselov, Dimitar D.
        Winn, Joshua
        Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto
        Christiansen, Jessie
        Adams, Elisabeth
        Henze, Christopher
        Dupree, Andrea
        Fabrycky, Daniel C.
        Fortney, Jonathan J.
        Tarter, Jill
        Holman, Matthew J.
        Tenenbaum, Peter
        Shporer, Avi
        Lucas, P.W.
        Welsh, William F.
        Orosz, Jerome A.
        Bedding, T.R.
        Campante, T.L.
        Davies, G.R.
        Elsworth, Y.
        Handberg, R.
        Hekker, S.
        Karoff, C.
        Kawaler, S.D.
        Lund, M.N.
        Lundkvist, M.
        Metcalfe, T.S.
        Miglio, A.
        Silva Aguirre, V.
        Stello, D.
        White, T.R.
        Boss, Alan
        DeVore, E.
        Gould, Alan
        Prsa, A.
        Agol, Eric
        Barclay, Thomas
        Coughlin, Jeff
        Brugamyer, Erik
        Mullally, Fergal
        Quintana, Elisa V.
        Still, Martin
        Thompson, Susan E.
        Morrison, David
        Twicken, Joseph D.
        Desert, Jean-Michel
        Carter, Josh
        Crepp, Justin R.
        Hebrard, Guillaume
        Santerne, Alexandre
        Moutou, Claire
        Sobeck, Charlie
        Hudgins, Douglas
        Haas, Michael R.
        Robertson, Paul
        Lillo-Box, Jorge
        Barrado, David
        Attention
        2299/14406
        Abstract
        We report on the masses, sizes, and orbits of the planets orbiting 22 Kepler stars. There are 49 planet candidates around these stars, including 42 detected through transits and 7 revealed by precise Doppler measurements of the host stars. Based on an analysis of the Kepler brightness measurements, along with high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and (for 11 stars) asteroseismology, we establish low false-positive probabilities (FPPs) for all of the transiting planets (41 of 42 have an FPP under 1%), and we constrain their sizes and masses. Most of the transiting planets are smaller than three times the size of Earth. For 16 planets, the Doppler signal was securely detected, providing a direct measurement of the planet's mass. For the other 26 planets we provide either marginal mass measurements or upper limits to their masses and densities; in many cases we can rule out a rocky composition. We identify six planets with densities above 5 g cm-3, suggesting a mostly rocky interior for them. Indeed, the only planets that are compatible with a purely rocky composition are smaller than 2 R ⊕. Larger planets evidently contain a larger fraction of low-density material (H, He, and H2O).
        Publication date
        2014-01-13
        Published in
        Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series
        Published version
        https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20
        Other links
        http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14406
        Metadata
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