dc.contributor.author | Corkery, John | |
dc.contributor.author | Loi, Barbara | |
dc.contributor.author | Claridge, Hugh | |
dc.contributor.author | Goodair, Christine | |
dc.contributor.author | Corazza, Ornella | |
dc.contributor.author | Elliott, Simon | |
dc.contributor.author | Schifano, Fabrizio | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2015-04-23T15:04:01Z | |
dc.date.available | 2015-04-23T15:04:01Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2015-06 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Corkery , J , Loi , B , Claridge , H , Goodair , C , Corazza , O , Elliott , S & Schifano , F 2015 , ' Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO) : a literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use ' , Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , vol. 53 , pp. 52-78 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.012 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 0149-7634 | |
dc.identifier.other | ORCID: /0000-0001-7371-319X/work/98163944 | |
dc.identifier.other | ORCID: /0000-0002-3849-817X/work/45073696 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/2299/15826 | |
dc.description.abstract | Misuse of gamma hydroxybutrate (GHB) and gamma butyrolactone (GBL) has increased greatly since the early 1990s, being implicated in a rising number of deaths. This paper reviews knowledge on GHB and derivatives, and explores the largest series of deaths associated with their non-medical use. Descriptive analyses of cases associated with GHB/GBL and 1,4 butanediol (1,4-BD) use extracted from the UK’s National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database. From 1995 to September 2013, 159 GHB/GBL-associated fatalities were reported. Typical victims: White (92%), young (mean age 32 years); male (82%); with a drug misuse history (70%). Most deaths (79%) were accidental or related to drug use, the remainder (potential) suicides. GHB/GBL alone was implicated in 37%; alcohol 14%; other drugs 28%; other drugs and alcohol 15%. Its endogenous nature and rapid elimination limit toxicological detection. Post-mortem blood levels: mean 482 (range 0 - 6500; S.D. 758) mg/L. Results suggest significant caution is needed when ingesting GHB/GBL, particularly with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opiates, stimulants, and ketamine. More awareness is needed about risks associated with consumption. | en |
dc.format.extent | 466735 | |
dc.language.iso | eng | |
dc.relation.ispartof | Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | |
dc.subject | GHB | |
dc.subject | GBL | |
dc.subject | FATALITIES | |
dc.subject | DEATHS | |
dc.subject | TOXICITY | |
dc.subject | United Kingdom | |
dc.title | Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO) : a literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use | en |
dc.contributor.institution | School of Life and Medical Sciences | |
dc.contributor.institution | Department of Pharmacy | |
dc.contributor.institution | Health & Human Sciences Research Institute | |
dc.contributor.institution | Centre for Clinical Practice, Safe Medicines and Drug Misuse Research | |
dc.contributor.institution | Prescription and Illicit Drug Misuse | |
dc.contributor.institution | Public Health | |
dc.contributor.institution | Centre for Postgraduate Medicine | |
dc.contributor.institution | Postgraduate Medicine | |
dc.contributor.institution | Health Services and Medicine | |
dc.contributor.institution | Patient and Medicines Safety | |
dc.description.status | Peer reviewed | |
dc.date.embargoedUntil | 2016-04-03 | |
rioxxterms.versionofrecord | 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.012 | |
rioxxterms.type | Journal Article/Review | |
herts.preservation.rarelyaccessed | true | |