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dc.contributor.authorCorkery, John
dc.contributor.authorLoi, Barbara
dc.contributor.authorClaridge, Hugh
dc.contributor.authorGoodair, Christine
dc.contributor.authorCorazza, Ornella
dc.contributor.authorElliott, Simon
dc.contributor.authorSchifano, Fabrizio
dc.date.accessioned2015-04-23T15:04:01Z
dc.date.available2015-04-23T15:04:01Z
dc.date.issued2015-06
dc.identifier.citationCorkery , J , Loi , B , Claridge , H , Goodair , C , Corazza , O , Elliott , S & Schifano , F 2015 , ' Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO) : a literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use ' , Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , vol. 53 , pp. 52-78 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.012
dc.identifier.issn0149-7634
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0001-7371-319X/work/98163944
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0002-3849-817X/work/45073696
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2299/15826
dc.description.abstractMisuse of gamma hydroxybutrate (GHB) and gamma butyrolactone (GBL) has increased greatly since the early 1990s, being implicated in a rising number of deaths. This paper reviews knowledge on GHB and derivatives, and explores the largest series of deaths associated with their non-medical use. Descriptive analyses of cases associated with GHB/GBL and 1,4 butanediol (1,4-BD) use extracted from the UK’s National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database. From 1995 to September 2013, 159 GHB/GBL-associated fatalities were reported. Typical victims: White (92%), young (mean age 32 years); male (82%); with a drug misuse history (70%). Most deaths (79%) were accidental or related to drug use, the remainder (potential) suicides. GHB/GBL alone was implicated in 37%; alcohol 14%; other drugs 28%; other drugs and alcohol 15%. Its endogenous nature and rapid elimination limit toxicological detection. Post-mortem blood levels: mean 482 (range 0 - 6500; S.D. 758) mg/L. Results suggest significant caution is needed when ingesting GHB/GBL, particularly with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opiates, stimulants, and ketamine. More awareness is needed about risks associated with consumption.en
dc.format.extent466735
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofNeuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
dc.subjectGHB
dc.subjectGBL
dc.subjectFATALITIES
dc.subjectDEATHS
dc.subjectTOXICITY
dc.subjectUnited Kingdom
dc.titleGamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO) : a literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical useen
dc.contributor.institutionSchool of Life and Medical Sciences
dc.contributor.institutionDepartment of Pharmacy
dc.contributor.institutionHealth & Human Sciences Research Institute
dc.contributor.institutionCentre for Clinical Practice, Safe Medicines and Drug Misuse Research
dc.contributor.institutionPrescription and Illicit Drug Misuse
dc.contributor.institutionPublic Health
dc.contributor.institutionCentre for Postgraduate Medicine
dc.contributor.institutionPostgraduate Medicine
dc.contributor.institutionHealth Services and Medicine
dc.contributor.institutionPatient and Medicines Safety
dc.description.statusPeer reviewed
dc.date.embargoedUntil2016-04-03
rioxxterms.versionofrecord10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.012
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Review
herts.preservation.rarelyaccessedtrue


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