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        Psychedelic Fauna for Psychonaut Hunters : A Mini-Review

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        fpsyt_09_00153_1_.pdf (PDF, 403Kb)
        Author
        Orsolini, Laura
        Ciccarese, Michela
        Papanti, Duccio
        De Berardis, Domenico
        Guirguis, Amira
        Corkery, John
        Schifano, Fabrizio
        Attention
        2299/20661
        Abstract
        Currently different classes of psychoactive substances are easily available for abuse, including several hundred novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Some of these drugs occur naturally in plants and animals or are chemically modified from plant or animal compounds and have been abused by humans over millennia. Recently, the occurrence of a new "drug culture" (e.g., psychonauts) who consume a great variety of NPS with hallucinogenic/psychedelic properties, facilitated the development of a new "psychedelic trend" toward the consumption of substances contained in some species of animals ("psychedelic fauna"). The present review aims at providing an overview of the most commonly abused "psychedelic animals," by combining a dual search strategy coming from online psychonauts' experiences and English literature searches on the PubMed/Medline Google Scholar databases. A multilingual qualitative assessment on a range of websites and online resources was performed in order to identify a list of animals who possess some psychoactive properties and could be abused by humans for recreational purposes. Several species are implicated (i.e., ants, amphibians, fish). Routes of administration depend on the animal, substance included, metabolism, toxicity and individual, social and cultural variability. Online purchase and access are easy through tourism-related search strategies ("frog trip," "help of charmer snake," "religious trip").
        Publication date
        2018-05-22
        Published in
        Frontiers in Psychiatry
        Published version
        https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00153
        Other links
        http://hdl.handle.net/2299/20661
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