The application of arterio‐venous ratio (AVR) cut‐off values in clinic to stratify cardiovascular risk in patients

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular risk calculators are a useful tool for identifying at‐risk individuals. There are standardised methods for assessing the retinal microcirculation which alters as a consequence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to explore if a standardised retinal vessel assessment conducted in primary optometric care reflects current cardiovascular risk, as measured using two validated CVD risk calculators (QRISK 2; Mayo Clinic). Methods: A total of 120 subjects were included in the analyses. Following a routine eye examination, participants had disc‐centred retinal photographs and systemic blood pressure taken. Retinal vessel parameters (central retinal artery and vein equivalent and arterio‐venous ratio (AVR)) were calculated using semi‐automated software. Participants were then grouped into AVR quintiles as defined by the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). Cardiovascular risk was calculated with the validated QRISK and Mayo Clinic health calculators. Results: Systolic blood pressure was significantly greater in those with an AVR value falling in the lowest quintile compared to the highest quintile (150.65 mmHg vs. 132.21 mmHg [p = 0.001]). Similarly, CVD risk was significantly higher in those with the lowest AVR compared to the highest (QRISK: 14.28% vs. 9.87% [p = 0.05]; MAYO risk: 36.35% vs. 19.21% [p = 0.01]). Chi squared analyses showed a significant difference in the number of hypertensives in the lowest AVR quintile compared to those in the highest [p = 0.02]. Conclusion: Whilst the ARIC population is not directly comparable to the population used to develop the QRISK calculator, it has been shown that its application could help to identify at risk individuals using retinal vessel analyses.