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        NPS detection in Prison: a Systematic Literature Review of Use, Drug Form, and Analytical Approaches

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        Vaccaro_DTA_2022.pdf (PDF, 710Kb)(embargoed until 30/03/2023)
        Author
        Stair, Jacqueline
        Vaccaro, Giorgia
        Guirguis, Amira
        Kirton, Stewart
        Massariol, Anna
        Attention
        2299/25469
        Abstract
        This paper presents a systematic literature review on the detection of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in prison settings. It includes the most frequently reported NPS classes, the routes and forms used for smuggling, and the methods employed to analyze biological and non-biological samples. The search was carried out using MEDLINE (EBSCO), Scopus (ELSEVIER), PubMed (NCBI) and Web of Science (Clarivate) databases, along with reports from the grey literature in line with the PRISMA-S guidelines. A total of 2708 records were identified, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. Findings showed the most prevalent NPS class reported in prison was synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). The most frequently reported SCs in non-biological samples were 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and 5F-ADB. These were smuggled mainly through the postal services deposited on paper or herbal matrices. Concentrations of SCs detected on seized paper ranged between 0.05-1.17 mg/cm2. The SCs most frequently reported in biological specimens (i.e., urine, blood, saliva, and wastewater) were 5F-MDMB-PICA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA. Concentrations of SCs reported in femoral blood and serum were 0.12-0.48 ng/mL and 34-17 ng/mL, respectively. Hyphenated techniques were predominantly employed and generally successful for the detection of NPS in biological (i.e., LC-HRMS/MS) and non-biological samples (i.e., LC-HRMS/MS and GC-MS. The on-site technique IMS showed promise for detecting SCs in various forms, however immunoassays were not recommended. Future work should focus on accurate in-field detection of SCs deposited on paper and in urine and saliva to improve real-time decision-making, as well as wastewater and air monitoring for overall drug use trends.
        Publication date
        2022-03-30
        Published in
        Drug Testing and Analysis
        Published version
        https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3263
        Other links
        http://hdl.handle.net/2299/25469
        Relations
        School of Life and Medical Sciences
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