Climate Change Resilience: Sustainable Bioconservation Strategies for Built Heritage

Abstract

Climate change poses a significant threat to the cultural and historical significance of built heritage. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and shiIing environmental condtions endanger not only the physical structures themselves but also the cultural knowledge and traditional practices embodied within them. Ignoring this threat would represent a profound loss, severing the intergenerational transmission of invaluable knowledge and skills while eroding the very context and meaning of these landmarks. This research proposes innovative bio-driven solutions to enhance existing heritage conservation practices in the face of climate change. Recognizing the inherent sustainability embedded within traditional building techniques, the study explores the potential of harnessing new bioprotective technologies, such as bioenhanced limewash with microorganism-driven functionalities, to create long-lasting, protective coatings for built heritage. By utilising microbial properties like biomineralisation and the synthesis of secondary metabolite antimicrobials, these bio-driven approaches offer promising avenues for shielding heritage structures from the forces of climate change, ultimately contributing to a more resilient and sustainable built environment. The research focuses on two key bioprotective initiatives. First, bioenhancing traditional materials through experimental and in-situ practice. The primary objective is to improve the structural integrity of surface coatings, minimise building maintenance requirements, lower carbon emissions, and align with circular economic principles. Second, it utilises lichen-derived secondary metabolites as a sustainable bio-based protection against mould and bacterial growth. By exploring synergistic combinations and targeted delivery systems, this approach paves the way for reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals and fostering a more environmentally responsible future for heritage conservation. However, careful evaluation and mitigation strategies are crucial to address potential ecological disruptions and unintended consequences associated with bioenhancement interventions. Further research is required to bridge knowledge gaps in our understanding of how climate change specifically impacts different heritage materials and microbial communities. Long-term research on the combined effects of climate and biodegradation is critical for developing accurate predictions and effective adaptation strategies. Building trust and collaboration with local communities is essential for bioenhancement to become a viable and successful approach to heritage conservation. By positioning heritage as a focal point for climate education and action, we can raise awareness, inspire collective efforts, and unlock vital resources for adaptation and resilience strategies. Repurposing and retrofittng existing buildings for energy efficiency, while safeguarding their historical significance, offers a powerful solution to reduce reliance on new construction and protect vulnerable green spaces. Public perception and ethical considerations add another layer of complexity to this multi-faceted challenge. Addressing concerns from both the public and heritage professionals regarding the use of biotechnologies in heritage conservation is crucial. Open and transparent communication, alongside rigorous scientific research and ethical evaluation will be essential for ensuring that bioenhancement becomes a responsible and effective tool for safeguarding our built heritage in the face of climate change. In summary, a novel biomineralisation technique using cyanobacteria and biopolymers has been demonstrated to effectively mitigate weather-induced erosion in a manner that offers sustainable and environmental benefits. This method can be further enhanced by incorporating antimicrobial secondary metabolites extracted from lichens to prevent unwanted surface colonisation. However, further research is necessary to optimise the approach and ensure its efficacy and compatibility with existing biomineralisation processes. This study paves the way for the development of sustainable bioprotective technologies for cultural heritage conservation but necessitates a critical and balanced approach that considers potential risks and ethical implications.