Co-optimization of capacity planning and operation scheduling for photovoltaic-driven heat pump based campus integrated energy system

Integrating renewable energy into campus integrated energy systems (IES) is a promising decarbonization pathway. However, conventional photovoltaic (PV) and battery configurations are often limited by battery cost. This study investigates a campus IES that combines PV, heat pumps, and thermal energy storage. A joint planning and operation optimization framework is developed to determine equipment capacities and schedules. A clustering-based scenario method reduces the computational burden while keeping the annual cost error within 3%. Compared with the conventional reference scheme, the optimized configuration reduces annual cost from 2.19 to 1.43 million USD and emissions from 12.06 to 5.90 million kg. Sensitivity analysis examines equipment performance, cost parameters, and storage storage charge/discharge rates. The results clarify the marginal roles of PV, heat pumps, battery storage, and thermal storage under the same campus boundary. Under the studied load and tariff conditions, the cost-effective equivalent storage duration is about 4 h for batteries and about 5 h for thermal energy storage.