Immunotherapy in Urological Tumors

The past decade has seen significant improvement in our understanding of tumor biological features, which has led to use of anti-programmed-death 1 (PD-1) and anti-PDligand-1 (PD-L1) agents and cytotoxic T lymphocytes antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors in a multitude of cancers. These immunotherapeutic agents have shown activity in melanoma, lung, head and neck, colorectal, urological, and other cancers. This article details the use of immunotherapy agents in urothelial, renal, prostate, and testicular tumors.