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Browsing by Author "Toxicology"
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Evaluation of US Federal Guidelines (Primary Response Incident Scene Management [PRISM]) for Mass Decontamination of Casualties During the Initial Operational Response to a Chemical Incident
Chilcott, Robert; Larner, Joanne; Durrant, Adam; Hughes, Philip; Mahalingam, Devanya; Rivers, Samantha; Thomas, Elliot; Amer, Nevine; Barrett, Mark; Matar, Hazem; Pinhal, Andreia; Jackson, Toni; McCarthy-Barnett, Kate; Reppucci, Joseph (2019-06-01)Study objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and operational effectiveness of US federal government guidance (Primary Response Incident Scene Management [PRISM]) for the initial response phase to ... -
Exposure to organophosphorus compounds : best practice in managing timely, effective emergency responses
Dorandeu, Frédéric; Singer, Christopher; Chatfield, Steven; Chilcott, Robert P; Hall, Jonathan (2023-12-01)Increasing indications, reports and studies demonstrate that threats from the deliberate use of chemical weapons remain high and are evolving. One of the deadliest classes of chemical weapons are the organophosphorus nerve ... -
Exposure to UVB radiation does not directly impair skin barrier function
Dalton, C. H.; Chilcott, Robert (2001-11-01) -
Eyeing up the Future of the Pupillary Light Reflex in Neurodiagnostics
Hall, Charlotte; Chilcott, Robert (2018-03-13)The pupillary light reflex (PLR) describes the constriction and subsequent dilation of the pupil in response to light as a result of the antagonistic actions of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Since these muscles ... -
Free radical facilitated damage of ungual keratin
Khengar, Rajeshree H.; Brown, Marc; Turner, Rob B.; Traynor, M.J.; Holt, Katherine B.; Jones, Stuart A. (2010-09-01)Thioglycolic acid (TA) and urea hydrogen peroxide (urea H2O2) are thought to disrupt alpha-keratin disulfide links in the nail However, optimal clinical use of these agents to improve the treatment of nail disorders is ... -
Further studies of the efficacy of military, commercial and novel skin decontaminants against the chemical warfare agents sulphur mustard, soman and VX
Matar, Hazem; Price, Shirley; Chilcott, Robert (2019-02-01)Background/Aims: Following an incident involving toxic chemicals, deployment of countermeasures before the arrival of specialised services at the scene may provide a “therapeutic” window in which to mitigate skin absorption. ... -
Ga(III) complexes-The effect of metal coordination on potential systemic absorption after topical exposure
Staff, Kirsten; Brown, Marc; Chilcott, Robert; Hider, Robert C.; Jones, Stuart A.; Kong, Xiao L. (2011-05-10)The handling of elemental gallium is not thought to be harmful, but this assumption does not consider metal coordination which readily occurs in physiological fluids. The aim of this work was to determine Ga(III) coordination ... -
Habituating pigs for in-pen, non-invasive biophysical skin analysis
Chilcott, Robert; Stubbs, B.; Ashley, Z. (2001-07)The purpose of this study was to develop a method for habituating pigs (Sus scrofa domcstica, middle white strain) to enable non-invasive, biophysical measurements of dorsal skin to be obtained on a daily basis over a ... -
Hair analysis for the detection of drug use – is there potential for evasion?
Marrinan, Shanna; Roman-Urrestarazu, Andres; Naughton, Declan; Levari, Emerlinda; Collins, John; Chilcott, Robert; Bersani, Giuseppe; Corazza, Ornella (2017-06-28)BACKGROUND: Hair analysis for illicit substances is widely used to detect chronic drug consumption or abstention from drugs. Testees are increasingly seeking ways to avoid detection by using a variety of untested adulterant ... -
Human Nail Plate Modifications Induced by Onychomycosis : Implications for Topical Therapy
Baraldi, A.; Jones, S. A.; Guesné, S.; Traynor, M.J.; McAuley, W. J.; Brown, Marc; Murdan, S. (2015-05-01)Conclusions: Onchomycotic nails presented a thicker but more porous barrier, and its eroded intracellular matrix rendered the tissue more permeable to topically applied chemicals when an aqueous vehicle was used.Purpose: ... -
Human skin absorption of bis-2-(chloroethyl)sulphide (sulphur mustard) in vitro
Chilcott, Robert; Jenner, J.; Carrick, W.; Hotchkiss, S. A. M.; Rice, P. (2000)The purpose of this study was to measure the absorption and intra-epidermal fate of S-35-radiolabelled sulphur mustard ((SM)-S-35) in human breast skin in vitro. Skin (full-thickness or heat-separated epidermis) was placed ... -
Hybrid in vitro diffusion cell for simultaneous evaluation of hair and skin decontamination: temporal distribution of chemical contaminants
Matar, Hazem; Amer, Nevine; Kansagra, Sneha; Pinhal, Andreia; Thomas, Elliot; Townend, Scott; Larner, Joanne; Chilcott, Robert (2018-11-15)Most casualty or personnel decontamination studies have focused on removing contaminants from the skin. However, scalp hair and underlying skin are the most likely areas of contamination following airborne exposure to ... -
Illicit COVID-19 products online: A mixed-method approach for identifying and preventing online health risks
Catalani, Valeria; Townshend, Honor D.; Prilutskaya, Mariya; Chilcott, Robert P.; Metastasio, Antonio; Banayoti, Hani; McSweeney, Tim; Corazza, Ornella (2023-06-16)Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a demand for vaccines, cures, and the need of related documentation for travel, work and other purposes. Our project aimed to identify the illicit availability of such products across ... -
The importance of hyperparameters selection within small datasets
Ashrafi, Parivash; Sun, Yi; Davey, Neil; Adams, Roderick; Brown, Marc; Prapopoulou, Maria; Moss, Gary (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015-10-01)Gaussian Process is a Machine Learning technique that has been applied to the analysis of percutaneous absorption of chemicals through human skin. The normal, automatic method of setting the hyperparameters associated with ... -
In Silico Prediction of Aqueous Solubility Using Simple QSPR Models : The Importance of Phenol and Phenol-like Moieties
Ali, Jogoth; Camilleri, Patrick; Brown, Marc; Hutt, Andrew John; Kirton, Stewart Brian (2012-10-28)Recently the authors published a robust QSPR model of aqueous solubility which exploited the computationally derived molecular descriptor topographical polar surface area (TPSA) alongside experimentally determined melting ... -
In situ self assembly of soft diclofenac loaded microparticles in superstructured fluids
Benaouda, F.; Bachoo, Z.; Brown, Marc; Martin, Gary P; Jones, S. A. (2013-09)This study investigated how the in situ construction and payload delivery from soft diclofenac loaded hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) coated microparticles was influenced by the superstructure of the cosolvent in which ... -
In Vitro Cell Models for Ophthalmic Drug Development Applications
Shafaie, Sara; Hutter, Victoria; Cook, Michael T.; Brown, Marc; Chau, David Y.S. (2016-04-20)Tissue engineering is a rapidly expanding field that aims to establish feasible techniques to fabricate biologically equivalent replacements for diseased and damaged tissues/organs. Emerging from this prospect is the ... -
The in vitro efficacy of haemostatic products in the presence of chemical warfare agents-Sulphur mustard (HD) and VX
Hall, Charlotte A.; Lydon, Helen L.; Dalton, Christopher H.; Chipman, J. Kevin; Chilcott, Robert; Graham, John S. (2009-07-28)Haemorrhage remains to be a leading cause of death for trauma victims (Bellamy, 1984). Wound contamination poses an additional complication in the initial management of haemorrhaging wounds, with no specific medical treatment ... -
In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard : Comparison of human and pig-ear skin
Chilcott, Robert; Jenner, J.; Hotchkiss, S. A. M.; Rice, P. (2001)The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM ... -
In vivo decontamination of the nerve agent VX using the domestic swine model
Misik, Jan; Pavlik, Michal; Novotny, Ladislav; Pavlikova, Ruzena; Chilcott, Robert; Cabal, Jiri; Kuca, Kamil (2012-11)The purpose of this in vivo study was to assess a new, putatively optimised method for mass casualty decontamination ("ORCHIDS protocol") for effectiveness in removing the chemical warfare agent VX from the skin of ...